All lost personal liberties most lost homes and property as well. The government made no charges against them, nor could they appeal their incarceration. Nearly 70,000 of the evacuees were American citizens. In the next six months, approximately 122,000 men, women, and children were forcibly moved to "assembly centers." They were then evacuated to and confined in isolated, fenced, and guarded "relocation centers," also known as "internment camps." The 10 sites were in remote areas in six western states and Arkansas: Heart Mountain in Wyoming, Tule Lake and Manzanar in California, Topaz in Utah, Poston and Gila River in Arizona, Granada in Colorado, Minidoka in Idaho, and Jerome and Rowher in Arkansas. Only a few days prior to the proclamation, on March 21, Congress had passed Public Law 503, which made violation of Executive Order 9066 a misdemeanor punishable by up to one year in prison and a $5,000 fine. 4, which began the forced evacuation and detention of Japanese-American West Coast residents on a 48-hour notice. Then on March 29, 1942, under the authority of Roosevelt's executive order, DeWitt issued Public Proclamation No. About seven percent of the total Japanese American population in these areas complied. General DeWitt first encouraged voluntary evacuation by Japanese Americans from a limited number of areas. DeWitt of the Western Defense Command proceeded to announce curfews that included only Japanese Americans. Although the language of the order did not specify any ethnic group, Lieutenant General John L. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 that authorized military commanders to exclude civilians from military areas. The West Coast was divided into military zones, and on February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. citizens by birthright.) During congressional committee hearings, Department of Justice representatives raised constitutional and ethical objections to the proposal, so the U.S. Lobbyists from western states, many representing competing economic interests or nativist groups, pressured Congress and the President to remove persons of Japanese descent from the west coast, both foreign born ( issei – meaning “first generation” of Japanese in the U.S.) and American citizens ( nisei – the second generation of Japanese in America, U.S. ![]() ![]() This combined with economic competition, distrust over cultural separateness, and long-standing anti-Asian racism turned into disaster for Japanese Americans. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked the United States at the Pearl Harbor Naval Base in Hawaii. The attack launched a rash of fear about national security, especially on the West Coast. United States, upheld the government’s right to deny U.S. Ethnic concentration was further increased by real estate agents who would not sell properties to Japanese Americans outside of existing Japanese American enclaves and by a 1913 act passed by the California Assembly restricting land ownership to those eligible to be citizens. Japanese Americans controlled less than 4 percent of California’s farmland in 1940, but they produced more than 10 percent of the total value of the state’s farm resources.Īs was the case with other immigrant groups, Japanese Americans settled in ethnic neighborhoods and established schools, houses of worship, and economic and cultural institutions. Their efforts yielded impressive results. Other Japanese immigrants settled on the West Coast of mainland United States, cultivating marginal farmlands and fruit orchards, fishing, and operating small businesses. After their contracts expired, a small number remained and opened up shops. ![]() Many worked in Hawaiian sugarcane fields as contract laborers. Between 18, approximately 275,000 Japanese immigrated to Hawaii and the mainland United States, the majority arriving between 18, when quotas were adopted that ended Asian immigration.
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